The ichneumonoidea is a vast and important superfamily of parasitic wasps, with some 60,000 described species and estimated numbers far higher, especially for smallbodied tropical taxa. The coevolution of host resistance and parasitoid virulence. Parasitoids ecology and evolution frontiers research topic. Evolutionary ecology will be of general interest to researchers and students in both ecology and evolutionary biology. Biology and host relationships of parasitoids notes i. Download pdf the ecological consequences of host density. Download the ecological consequences of host density dependence and parasitoid fecundity for host parasitoid population dynamics ebook pdf or read online books in pdf. Parasitism and the evolutionary ecology of animal personality. Each begins with a statement explicitly outlining the authors goals for the chapter and enishes with future directions and a shortlist of mustread papers. Because this selection behavior reduces egg laying in the resistant host, and thus increases parasitoid survival, we expect relatively weaker selection for higher virulence in parasitoid populations dupas et al. Evolutionary ecology of parasites presents an evolutionary framework for the study of parasite biology.
Except for phoretic egg parasitoids, many studies still show that the use of sexual signals can be beneficial for egg parasitoids. However, historical estimates of insect diversity and species richness can be difficult to confirm or compare, because they may be based upon dissimilar methods. The chapters in evolutionary behavioral ecology are short, concise approximately 17 pages and tothepoint. Before about 1980, behavioral ecology and sociobiology were more or less synonyms. Ecology, evolution and behavior college of biological. Parasitism and the evolutionary ecology of animal personality ncbi. Contents contributors preface part 1 current issues in behavioral ecology of insect parasitoids 1 optimal foraging behavior and efficient biological control methods nick j. Recent theoretical modelling approaches suggest that adaptive variation in personality can arise as a result of lifehistory tradeoffs when there is individual variation in reproductive value wolf et al. Evolutionary ecology of parasites presents an evolutionary framework for the study of parasite biology, combining theory with empirical examples for a broader understanding of why parasites are as they are and do what they do. Feeding in insect parasitoids can have significant implications from behavioral and evolutionary ecology standpoints.
Parasitoids as model organisms for ecologists springerlink. Evolutionary ecology of the interactions between aphids and their parasitoids. We investigated how specialist and generalist natural enemies differ as biological control agents of pea aphids acyrthosiphon pisum, and how interactions among natural enemies affect successful control. Statistical tools for analyzing data on behavioral ecology of insect parasitoids.
Your application should be sent as a single pdf file to ute moniatte at the. The evolutionary ecology of polyphagy by phytophagous insects has been overshadowed by an intense focus on the evolutionary ecology of their host specificity. Aspects of the biology of parasites are reexamined using an approach compatible with current theory in evolutionary biology and ecology. Known for a long time to applied biologists for their importance in regulating the population densities of economic pests, parasitoids have recently proven to be valuable tools in testing many aspects of evolutionary theory. Deans office 123 snyder hall 1475 gortner ave saint paul, mn 55108 student services 3104 mcb 420 washington ave. In recent years significant advances have been made in order to understand the chemical ecology of insect parasitoids. His current research is conducted on four hostparasitoid systems at the university of leiden. Parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death. Researchers in evolutionary ecology that want an overview of the current state of the field, and graduate students that want an introduction the field, will find this book very valuable. Dec 27, 2010 parasites may also play an important indirect role in the evolution of individuality, as a consequence of their impacts on host condition. Recently, the federal register anonymous 1992 published the rule that.
In common with other phenotypic characteristics, behavioural traits show considerable interindividual and heritable variation stirling et al. Two complementary statistical strategies have been used to establish the presenceabsence of external and internal filtering processes. Evolutionary behavioral ecology hardcover david westneat. A newer tradition has emerged among modern behavioral and evolutionary ecologists, who have been drawn to parasitoids because of their advan tages as model systems.
Le ralec a1, anselme c, outreman y, poirie m, van baaren j, le lann c, van alphen jj. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Much of parasitoid behavior has an unusually intimate connec tion with fitness. Godfray is reader in evolutionary biology at imperial college, university of london. In behavioural ecology of insect parasitoids from theoretical approaches to field applications, wajnberg e. This chapter is concerned with the behavioral ecology of host location in parasitoids. Most studies, however, are focused primarily on parasitic wasps, despite the thousands of other insect parasitoids distributed across many lineages. Behavioral ecology is closely allied with ethology, but the latter tends to focus more on proximate causes including environmental stimuli, genetic bases, or physiological mechanisms for behavior. Evolutionary ecology of the interactions between aphids and. Chalcidoidea are probably the most effective and abundant parasitoids of the horse chestnut leaf miner cameraria ohridella, an alien pest in europe that lacks specialized enemies. Yet, despite their widespread existence, individual differences in behaviour have typically been treated as noise by behavioural and evolutionary ecologists and effectively disregarded. Mar 24, 2006 the number of parasitoids per patch was positively related to the number of healthy hosts. Strand and jerome casas abstract nutrient acquisition and allocation critically impacts the. Frontiers books allows users to browse, free of charge, through the pages of frontiers ebooks and emagazines or download the entire pdf.
Known for a long time to applied biologists for their importance in regulating the population densities of economic pests, parasitoids have recently proven to be valuable tools in. We discuss difficulties in extracting information from the almost host records, noting that most observations are made by chance, often imprecise, and distributed unevenly across bombyliid taxa. The fundamental and applied interest of studying these organisms is discussed. He was exceptionally influential in evolutionary biology both through his research. An evolutionary overview article pdf available in philosophical transactions of the royal society b biological sciences 3371279. Females of many species not only search for hosts to lay their eggs on, but. Hosts have evolved a variety of means of combating parasitoids, in particular cellular encapsulation, while parasitoids have evolved a wide range of countermeasures. Eucoilidae is able to distinguish between hosts that it parasitized and hosts parasitized by conspecifics. Many trophically transmitted parasites modify the behaviour of their intermediate hosts. Behavioral and evolutionary ecology monographs in behavior and ecology by godfray, h. Genetics of the behavioral ecology of egg parasitoids.
Community ecology of the other parasitoids john o stireman iii the study of parasitoid communities is an active and dynamic. The evolutionary ecology of resistance to parasitoids by. Evolutionary ecology of the interactions between aphids and their parasitoids ecologie evolutive des interactions entre les pucerons et leurs parasitoides author links open overlay panel anne le ralec a caroline anselme b yannick outreman a marylene poirie b joan van baaren c cecile le lann c jacques j. The predictions of the model are met in a second experiment that shows that l. Insect parasitoids and predators insect parasitoids and predators have been used to control pest insects for a long time. Ecology, evolutionary biology and behavior eebb, 103 giltner hall. Evolutionary ecology of the interactions between aphids. What is the evolutionary basis of behavioral ecology. Download evolutionary behavioral ecology ebook pdf or read online books in pdf, epub, and mobi format.
It is advisable to refer to the publishers version if you intend to cite from this work. Parasitoids, predators, and pea aphid biocontrol william e. Considering the small size of both parasitoids and their hosts, and also the structural complexity of the environments inhabited by most parasitoids, finding a suitable host appears a formidable task. He is an expert in the behavioral ecology and lifehistory evolution of parasitoids. Larvae of many drosophila species can defend themselves against attack by parasitoids through a cellular immune response called encapsulation. Evolutionary ecology of insect hostparasite interactions. This book synthesizes the work of both schools of parasitoid biology and asks how a consideration of evolutionary biology can help us understand the behavior, ecology, and diversity. Download pdf evolutionary behavioral ecology free online. Eric wajnberg, carlos bernstein and jacques van alphen. In traitbased community ecology, the mean field theory has been widely adopted mcgill et al. An uptodate synthesis of the field, the book is an ideal teaching tool for advanced courses on the subject. The purpose of this book is to present an evolutionary ecologists view of the biology of parasites. Most biological control systems involve a diverse community of natural enemies. Genomic imprinting of soldieractivity loci in polyembryonic parasitoid wasps.
Parasitism as an ecological factor influencing behaviour, personality and syndromes. Biomolecular science bms, 224a biomedical and physical science bldg check website. It focuses on why parasites do certain things, rather than how they do them. Parasitoid and host nutritional physiology in behavioral ecology michael r. Foraging behavior of egg parasitoids exploiting chemical. Parasitoids are the most important natural enemies of many insect species. Classification of human parasites, vectors, and similar organisms pdf. Parasites evolve under selective pressures which are different from those acting on freeliving organisms. He is a population biologist specializing in population genetics, behavioral ecology, and statistical modeling.
The larval host associations and mode of parasitism of bombyliidae bee flies are summarized and analysed within an evolutionary framework. These results suggest that, consistent with the predictions of ifd models, the distribution of the l. A parasitic insect that lives in or on and eventually kills a larger host insect or other arthropod. Department of behavioural ecology and evolutionary genetics, max planck institute. Parasites as direct selective agents on the evolution of behaviour, personality and. The average herbivores vulnerability to predators is higher than its vulnerability to parasitoids with median values of 55 consumers and three consumers, respectively. Insect diversity typically declines with increasing latitude, but previous studies have shown conflicting latituderichness gradients for some hymenopteran parasitoids. The parasitoids host is usually in the same taxonomic class insecta. The combined effects of the rapid evolution of pest resistance to chemicals. Chemical compounds infochemicals or semiochemicals play an important role both in intraspecific and interspecific communication. Godfray, 978069473, available at book depository with free delivery worldwide. The aim of this textbook is to present these pressures and to show how they have shaped the ecology of parasites over evolutionary time. Finally, we consider the responses of both aphids and parasitoids to ecological constraints induced by seasonal cycles and to environmental variations linked to host plants and climate. The primary parasitoids on most herbivores are invulnerable to hyper.
For example, chemical cues appear to play a key role in the host selection process adopted by insect parasitoids. Books in behavioral and evolutionary ecology frontiers. Click download or read online button to evolutionary behavioral ecology book pdf for free now. On the other hand, if female parasitoids are unable to differentiate between resistant and. Employing evolutionary theory to improve biological pest. As a proxy for species identification, we used dna barcoding to. Parasitoids may appear generalists, but careful ecological studies reveal a. Parasitoids usually destroy their hosts during development.
This paper introduces the special issue of this journal, which is devoted to parasitoid ecology. The results show that the solitary parasitoid leptopilina heterotoma hymenoptera. Adaptive self and conspecific superparasitism in the. Issn 652540 full text not archived in this repository. Dec 25, 2001 the primary parasitoids on most herbivores are invulnerable to hyper. Behavioral and evolutionary ecology monographs in behavior and ecology by h. However, distinguishing between competing hypotheses about metabolic strategies requires mechanistic details on the physiological requirements and. A parasitoids reproductive success and their efficiency thus lies in their ability to counter behavioral and immune defenses of their hosts. Frontiers semiochemical exploitation of hostassociated. There are two aspects related with the behavioral ecology of the parasitoids that might favor the development and persistence of this shortterm absolute oviposition threshold. The book deals exclusively with protozoan and metazoan parasites of animals. Pdf parasitism and the evolutionary ecology of animal personality. In 1911, parasitic wasps were discovered in a flour mill in london, and were reported to greatly suppress the mediterranean flour moth population.